Projects - User contributions [en]

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:45:53Z

A1676596: /* Results */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products. The table in figure 5 can help to figure out the critical time interval for each FCAS services.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]
[[File:Output table of Python.png|thumb|center|Figure 5: Output table of Python]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 7: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:45:40Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products. The table in figure 5 can help to figure out the critical time interval for each FCAS services.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]
[[File:Output table of Python.png|thumb|center|Figure 5: Output table of Python]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:44:16Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]
[[File:Output table of Python.png|thumb|center|Figure 5: Output table of Python]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:43:38Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|Left|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]
[[File:Output table of Python.png|thumb|Right|Figure 5: Output table of Python]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:41:53Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]
[[File:Output table of Python.png|thumb]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

File:Output table of Python.png

2020-06-08T16:41:45Z

A1676596:

This table can figure out the critical time interval for each FCAS services.

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:33:01Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]
Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:32:22Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there are not critical time interval for both regulation services (result from data soring and analysis). Therefore, the outcome of the regulation services will be different with the contingency services.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:28:35Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency. 

Note：The data proportion of intermittent energy in while NME is lower than South Australia(16.2% VS 36.2% in 2019). Also, there

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:21:13Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]. Obviously, the proportion of wind and solar will continuously increasing, also the deviation of frequency will be more frequent in the future.
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:18:15Z

A1676596: /* References */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO 
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:18:00Z

A1676596: /* References */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO
[2] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:17:38Z

A1676596: /* References */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO
[2] Renewable Integration Study: Stage 1 report, AMEO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:16:50Z

A1676596: /* Ancillary Services */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [2].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:16:40Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).The figure 1 is installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds[1]
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center|Figure 1: installed wind and solar]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:15:23Z

A1676596: /* Method */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:14:41Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb|center]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:13:25Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:12:35Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:12:17Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:11:41Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:11:24Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:11:08Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:10:49Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).

[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:10:29Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).

[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:09:41Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solar power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).
[[File:Installed wind and solar.png|thumb]]

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

File:Installed wind and solar.png

2020-06-08T16:09:22Z

A1676596:

Installed wind and solar capacity in the NEM for 2019, with 2025 and 2040 forecasts from the Draft 2020 ISP Central and Step Change generation builds

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:04:10Z

A1676596: /* Intermittent Energy */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solor power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation. Thus, this project will not study others renewable energy soucre(such as Hydropower).

=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2019s2-25201 Evaluating the Capabilities of the Existing Synchronous Generators for Ancillary Services Provision in the NEM in various Renewable Penetration Scenarios

2020-06-08T16:02:51Z

A1676596: /* Background */

[[Category:Projects]]
[[Category:Final Year Projects]]
[[Category:2019s2|106]]
Abstract here
== Introduction ==
Our power system is going through dramatic changes. With renewable generation resources in the grid, more synchronous generators are retiring. Traditionally, the synchronous machines were the main sources of ancillary services to compensate imbalances between generation and demand in order to keep the frequency within the acceptable range. However, renewable resources (such as photovoltaic and wind) are very uncertain, unpredictable, and representing huge up and down ramping events. In this study, we want to see if the existing synchronous generators of different types and properties (such as coal- and gas-fired and hydro power plants) are able to provide the kind of AS that is needed in different penetration levels of renewables. We use the information from AEMO to identify the existing synchronous machines, their availability for AS (eight FCAS markets), and specific characteristics related to providing AS. We also analyse the ramping requirements under various renewable (PV + wind) generation scenarios.

=== Project team ===
==== Project students ====
* Khairul Azwari Adnan
* Aina Afrina Hasram
* Wenkang Li

==== Supervisors ====
* Dr Ali Pourmousavi Kani
* David Vowles

=== Objectives ===
* Analyze the ramping requirements of under various intermittent generation scenarios.
* Study technical characteristics of existing synchronous generators available in the market.
* Quantifying the ancillary services requirements of the system under different scenarios of intermittent renewable generation.

== Background ==
=== Supply & Demand ===
Basically, the electric supply is from renewable and non-renewable sources. Electricity demand is the electricity used by the consumers and the amount is varies. The balancing of supply and demand is very important to make sure the performance of the power system is in stable state. Frequency is one of the important parameters in the power system and it is totally depending on the balancing of supply and demand. The standard frequency limit in the power system is ±50 Hz. As the supply is higher than demand, the frequency is lower and vice versa.

=== Intermittent Energy ===
Intermittent energy is a kind of energy cannot continuously generate power, cannot accurately set or plan the capacity of power generation. In renewable energy specifically refers to wind and solor power. These two intermittent energy source increasing is the main factor of the Supply & Demand unbalance and the frequency deviation.

This project will not study
=== Ancillary Services ===
Ancillary service is functioning to help in maintaining the performance of the power system. There are three types of ancillary services, Frequency Control Ancillary Service (FCAS), Network Support Control Ancillary Service (NSCAS) and System Restart Ancillary Service (SRAS). For this project, the team is focusing on the FCAS only [1].

=== Frequency Control Ancillary Services (FCAS) ===
Frequency control is necessary in order to guarantee that the system frequency in the grid system is in the nominal frequency. FCAS is required to get back the frequency to its standard frequency and make sure the frequency is always in the range. Other than that, Australia has a huge number of intermittent sources such as wind and solar, that supply electricity to the power system in the grid. These intermittent sources have affected the performance of the frequency in the power system.

There are two types of FCAS services, regulation services and contingency services. Regulation services is provided by the participated generators based on the Automatic Generator Control (AGC) while contingency is provided based on the frequency deviation in the power system [1]. From these two services, there are eight products in the FCAS market, Raise Regulation, Raise 6-Second, Raise 60-Second, Raise 5-Minute, Lower Regulation, Lower 6-Second, Lower 60-Second, and Lower 5-Minute. All these products perform a different services. Table 1 shows the description of each product in the FCAS market.

[[File:FCAS.jpg|800px|center]]

== Method ==
[[File:Table 2.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Project Planning]]

Figure 1 shows the project planning of the project. Date retrieving is taken from NEMreview apps https://app.nemreview.info/index.html#/ for 3 years of all FCAS products. The data for regulation services is observe in the whole NEM, South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania, while for contingency, the observation is only focus in the South Australia since the contingency services is being controlled by local generator. Correlation testing of the data is done by using price parameters and intermittent sources. Based on this two parameters, only intermittent sources have the correlation with the requirement and availability of the FCAS products. Matlab software is used to perform the correlation testing. Figure 2 and Figure 3 show the correlation between requirement and availability of raise contingency.

[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Requirement).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 2: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Requirement)]]
[[File:Correlation RE and FCAS (Availability).jpg|thumb|center|Figure 3: Correlation on Intermittent Sources and FCAS (Availability)]]

The next step in this project is calculate the critical factor of each FCAS services. Then, data sorting is done based on the correlation parameters. This sorting process is done using Python. Figure 4 shows the coding that is used to sort the data. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical factor. This data is used in the risk assessment method to fine the safe zone and critical zone. The critical time interval is determine by sorting the highest critical zone of each FCAS products.

[[File:Python.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 4: Coding to Sort the Data]]

After that, create a data modelling based on the highest critical zone for each products. This data modelling is create by applying a linear function to the 3 years average data. Figure 5 shows the graph with the linear equation for one of the product. This linear equation is used to predict the future requirement of FCAS products and observe whether availability in the FCAS still can support when the penetration of intermittent increase until 70%.

[[File:Linear graph.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 5: The Linear Graph]]

== Results ==
Table 2 shows the result of prediction for requirement based on the linear equation of 3 years data. The prediction is done by using the data of availability for 2019. So, as the penetration of intermittent sources increase, the requirement also increase. The percentage of how many the FCAS availability can support the requirement is based on the assumption of area under the distribution curve minus the area of histogram. Figure 6 shows the distribution curve for requirement of FCAS that has been plot on the histogram of availability.

[[File:Penetration.jpg|thumb|center|Table 2: Result on Prediction of Requirement Based on the 3 Years Data]]
[[File:Curve.jpg|thumb|center|Figure 6: Distribution Plot of Requirement Prediction on Histogram Availability in 2019 (Raise 60-Second)]]

== Conclusion ==
As the conclusion, the availability of raise regulation can support until 30% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower regulation can support until 100% penetration of intermittent sources. The availability of raise contingency can support until 60% penetration of intermittent sources, while the availability of lower contingency can support until 40% penetration of intermittent sources.

=== Future Planning ===
Analyze the ramping requirements under various intermittent generation scenarios.

== References ==
[1] Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market, AEMO

Projects:2018s1-136UG Rate of Change of Mains Frequency Detection

2018-08-23T14:06:45Z

A1676596: /* Front end structure */

== Abstract ==
The Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) detection of mains voltages is very important to maintain a stable electricity supply. The present IEEE standard for ROCOF detection involves converting the mains voltages to phasors and using those to determine the ROCOF. Normally with 100 times per second updates. 
C.J. Kikkert has developed a new algorithm for detecting magnitude and phase directly from the voltage waveforms, without phasor conversion or filtering. That algorithm needs some further development to accurately calculate Frequency and ROCOF with low delay and low sample to sample variations. The waveform recorders used typically have a 9.6 kSPS data rate. The new algorithm produces frequency and ROCOF values at that 9.6 kSPS data rate, so that there is less delay in detecting any disturbance. 
The project involves firstly optimising the algorithm to ensure the ROCOF information provided is the best fit for the purpose of maintaining power system stability. 
The next and biggest part is developing Verilog or VHDL code for implementing this algorithm into an FPGA and implementing that in hardware. (Possibly using a commercially available FPGA development board with ADC’s added). 
This should then result in hardware that provides mains frequency and ROCOF information. 
== Front end structure ==
The reason why we decided to make a PMU to process the original 3 phase 240V AC mains input is that voltage level was too high for algorithm analysis environment(ADC and FPGA).The main front end structure as show as below. 
[[File:FES.PNG]] 
There are the main relate knowledge of the PMU design:Operational Amplifier;Sallen-key Bessel anti-alias filter;Flash testing. 

== Team Members ==
*Nathan Reid 
*Wenkang Li 

== Supervisors ==
*Keith Kikkert 
*Said Al-Sarawi

Projects:2018s1-136UG Rate of Change of Mains Frequency Detection

2018-08-23T14:06:03Z

A1676596:

== Abstract ==
The Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) detection of mains voltages is very important to maintain a stable electricity supply. The present IEEE standard for ROCOF detection involves converting the mains voltages to phasors and using those to determine the ROCOF. Normally with 100 times per second updates. 
C.J. Kikkert has developed a new algorithm for detecting magnitude and phase directly from the voltage waveforms, without phasor conversion or filtering. That algorithm needs some further development to accurately calculate Frequency and ROCOF with low delay and low sample to sample variations. The waveform recorders used typically have a 9.6 kSPS data rate. The new algorithm produces frequency and ROCOF values at that 9.6 kSPS data rate, so that there is less delay in detecting any disturbance. 
The project involves firstly optimising the algorithm to ensure the ROCOF information provided is the best fit for the purpose of maintaining power system stability. 
The next and biggest part is developing Verilog or VHDL code for implementing this algorithm into an FPGA and implementing that in hardware. (Possibly using a commercially available FPGA development board with ADC’s added). 
This should then result in hardware that provides mains frequency and ROCOF information. 
== Front end structure ==
The reason why we decided to make a PMU to process the original 3 phase 240V AC mains input is that voltage level was too high for algorithm analysis environment(ADC and FPGA).The main front end structure as show as below. 
[[File:FES.PNG]]
There are the main relate knowledge of the PMU design:Operational Amplifier;Sallen-key Bessel anti-alias filter;Flash testing. 
== Team Members ==
*Nathan Reid 
*Wenkang Li 

== Supervisors ==
*Keith Kikkert 
*Said Al-Sarawi

Projects:2018s1-136UG Rate of Change of Mains Frequency Detection

2018-08-23T13:49:36Z

A1676596:

== Abstract ==
The Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) detection of mains voltages is very important to maintain a stable electricity supply. The present IEEE standard for ROCOF detection involves converting the mains voltages to phasors and using those to determine the ROCOF. Normally with 100 times per second updates. 
C.J. Kikkert has developed a new algorithm for detecting magnitude and phase directly from the voltage waveforms, without phasor conversion or filtering. That algorithm needs some further development to accurately calculate Frequency and ROCOF with low delay and low sample to sample variations. The waveform recorders used typically have a 9.6 kSPS data rate. The new algorithm produces frequency and ROCOF values at that 9.6 kSPS data rate, so that there is less delay in detecting any disturbance. 
The project involves firstly optimising the algorithm to ensure the ROCOF information provided is the best fit for the purpose of maintaining power system stability. 
The next and biggest part is developing Verilog or VHDL code for implementing this algorithm into an FPGA and implementing that in hardware. (Possibly using a commercially available FPGA development board with ADC’s added). 
This should then result in hardware that provides mains frequency and ROCOF information. 
== Team Members ==
*Nathan Reid 
*Wenkang Li 

== Supervisors ==
*Keith Kikkert 
*Said Al-Sarawi

Projects:2018s1-136UG Rate of Change of Mains Frequency Detection

2018-08-23T13:49:16Z

A1676596:

== Abstract ==
The Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) detection of mains voltages is very important to maintain a stable electricity supply. The present IEEE standard for ROCOF detection involves converting the mains voltages to phasors and using those to determine the ROCOF. Normally with 100 times per second updates. 
C.J. Kikkert has developed a new algorithm for detecting magnitude and phase directly from the voltage waveforms, without phasor conversion or filtering. That algorithm needs some further development to accurately calculate Frequency and ROCOF with low delay and low sample to sample variations. The waveform recorders used typically have a 9.6 kSPS data rate. The new algorithm produces frequency and ROCOF values at that 9.6 kSPS data rate, so that there is less delay in detecting any disturbance. 
The project involves firstly optimising the algorithm to ensure the ROCOF information provided is the best fit for the purpose of maintaining power system stability. 
The next and biggest part is developing Verilog or VHDL code for implementing this algorithm into an FPGA and implementing that in hardware. (Possibly using a commercially available FPGA development board with ADC’s added). 
This should then result in hardware that provides mains frequency and ROCOF information. 
== Team Members ==
The main front end structure as show as below.
[[File:FES.jpg]]
== Team Members ==
*Nathan Reid 
*Wenkang Li 

== Supervisors ==
*Keith Kikkert 
*Said Al-Sarawi

Projects:2018s1-136UG Rate of Change of Mains Frequency Detection

2018-08-23T13:48:49Z

A1676596:

== Abstract ==
The Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) detection of mains voltages is very important to maintain a stable electricity supply. The present IEEE standard for ROCOF detection involves converting the mains voltages to phasors and using those to determine the ROCOF. Normally with 100 times per second updates. 
C.J. Kikkert has developed a new algorithm for detecting magnitude and phase directly from the voltage waveforms, without phasor conversion or filtering. That algorithm needs some further development to accurately calculate Frequency and ROCOF with low delay and low sample to sample variations. The waveform recorders used typically have a 9.6 kSPS data rate. The new algorithm produces frequency and ROCOF values at that 9.6 kSPS data rate, so that there is less delay in detecting any disturbance. 
The project involves firstly optimising the algorithm to ensure the ROCOF information provided is the best fit for the purpose of maintaining power system stability. 
The next and biggest part is developing Verilog or VHDL code for implementing this algorithm into an FPGA and implementing that in hardware. (Possibly using a commercially available FPGA development board with ADC’s added). 
This should then result in hardware that provides mains frequency and ROCOF information. 
== Team Members ==
The main front end structure as show as below.
[[File:FES.jpg]] 
== Team Members ==
*Nathan Reid 
*Wenkang Li 

== Supervisors ==
*Keith Kikkert 
*Said Al-Sarawi

File:FES.PNG

2018-08-23T13:47:29Z

A1676596:

File:捕获.PNG

2018-08-23T13:44:40Z

A1676596: