Projects - User contributions [en]

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:57:35Z

A1681160: /* Conclusion */

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 8 online measuring result</div>
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

<div align="center">[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 9 system structure</div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 10 Open circuit</div>

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 11 Short circuit</div>

'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 12 online measuring result</div>

'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy

Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison

Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations

Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two new reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:55:55Z

A1681160: /* Comparisons */

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 8 online measuring result</div>
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

<div align="center">[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 9 system structure</div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 10 Open circuit</div>

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 11 Short circuit</div>

'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 12 online measuring result</div>

'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy

Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison

Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations

Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:54:40Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 8 online measuring result</div>
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

<div align="center">[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 9 system structure</div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 10 Open circuit</div>

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 11 Short circuit</div>

'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 12 online measuring result</div>

'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:54:10Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 8 online measuring result</div>
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

<div align="center">[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 9 system structure</div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 10 Open circuit</div>

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 11 Short circuit</div>

'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 12 online measuring result</div>

'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:48:13Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 8 online measuring result</div>
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

<div align="center">[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 9 system structure</div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Open circuit</div>

<div align="center">[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Short circuit</div>

'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

<div align="center">[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">online measuring result</div>

'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:41:17Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 6 Open circuit calibrated result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 7 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:39:35Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR.jpg]] </div>
<div align="center">Figure 3 system structure </div>
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 4 Open circuit measuring result </div>

<div align="center">[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 5 Short circuit measuring result </div>

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]]

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg

2017-06-05T05:36:57Z

A1681160: A1681160 uploaded a new version of "File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg"

File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg

2017-06-05T05:31:58Z

A1681160:

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:23:56Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

[[File:SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]]

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly caused by a plenty of instruments are connected to the test power point. Hence, those electric instruments are parallel-connected together to get a low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:20:55Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

[[File:SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection [30] backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]]

The calibrated results show above have the similar waveform as the resistor matching test, which means the effect of impedance mismatch has been removed. The open-circuited calibrated result has slight difference because the oscillation changes direction each times to arise error.
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly because the tested power point is at the laboratory working bench where has plenty of instrument connected. Hence, those electric instruments parallel connect together to get a very low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg

2017-06-05T05:18:28Z

A1681160: A1681160 uploaded a new version of "File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg"

File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg

2017-06-05T05:10:10Z

A1681160: A1681160 uploaded a new version of "File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg"

File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg

2017-06-05T05:07:52Z

A1681160:

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T05:03:49Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

[[File:SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]

The impedance is not matching for the test system, due to the 12.5-ohm resistor and 2.5μF capacitor as well as the high-pass filter inside the impedance analyser, which does not equal to 50-ohm. It will have oscillating reflection [30] backwards and forwards until normal noise level.
'''

=== calibrated measurement (offline) ===
'''

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateOC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-calibrateSC.jpg]]
,,,

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly because the tested power point is at the laboratory working bench where has plenty of instrument connected. Hence, those electric instruments parallel connect together to get a very low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T04:42:36Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

[[File:SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]
[[File:SSTDR-new1.jpg]]
'''

=== Branch measurement (offline) ===
'''
Branch test circuit

[[File:BT-SSTDR.jpg]]

Measurement Result

[[File:BT-SSTDR-R.jpg]]
'''

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly because the tested power point is at the laboratory working bench where has plenty of instrument connected. Hence, those electric instruments parallel connect together to get a very low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2017-06-05T04:38:02Z

A1681160:

== Supervisors ==
'''
Dr. Cornelis Jan Kikkert,
Dr. Nesimi Ertugrul
'''

== Group members ==
'''
Jinyue Bai,
Shuxin Tang
'''

== Abstract ==

'''
This project has investigated two possible techniques which can be used to measure on-line reflections to provide on-line Time Domain Reflectometry(TDR). Convertional Time Domain Reflectometer cannot be connected directly to the mains when the power system is operational. In such situation, a method for localization of on-line power line faults would be desirable. Two possible methods were investigated in this project, including: 1) Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (SSTDR) techniques with a pseudo random sequence as the transmitted input signal on the power-line using the cross-correlation technique to capture the reflections in time domain;2) measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain by the Resistive Shunt On-line Impedance Analyser(RSOIA), which was developed by Kikkert[1,2], and using Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) to obtain the impulse response in time domain. Both method was performed under off-line and on-line conditions. Both measurements were performed with relatively high accuracy, sensible and can easily obtain the results. The advantages and limitations of both methods were illustrated and demonstrated that the correlation technique for the spread spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry gave more accurate results, especially in the detection of soft faults.
'''

== Background ==
'''
Transmission cables carry data or power to customers. The quick repair of any fault in a cable is essential to ensure the system reliability. By injecting a signal and observing its reflection, one can quickly locate any fault or discontinuities, to facilitate any repairs that may be required. A traditional TDR instrument cannot be used when the transmission line is powered up as the mains voltages will damage the TDR. The instrument developed for this project rejects mains voltages and allows TDR techniques to be applied on-line. By using correlation techniques, the signal to noise ratio is enhanced to improve the detection accuracy.
'''

== Time Domain Reflectometry ==
'''
The basis of TDR is the principle of reflection of signals due to the impedance at the fault points differs from its characteristic line impedance (impedance mismatch). Any fault or discontinuities such as junctions of cables can be identified from the reflected signal which can be calculated by reflection coefficient. If the cable has an open circuit then the amount of reflected signal is positive due to the extremely large value of Z_L. If a cable is under short circuit condition, then the amount of reflected signal becomes negative since the value of Z_L is approximately zero.

<div align="center">[[File:TDR1.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 1 Block diagram of a TDR system </div>
<div align="center">[[File:TDR2.jpg]]</div>
<div align="center">Figure 2 Three TDR reflection models </div>
'''

== Project outline ==
'''
The aim of the project is to investigate possible methods to measure any reflections from power line discontinuities or faults. Two techniques have been developed and tested: 1) SSTDR using pseudo random signals and 2) Measuring the line impedance in the frequency domain and using the FFT to obtain the impulse response. A high-pass filter provides mains rejection to en-sure the reflections can be measured while the line is powered up.
'''

== SSTDR(Correlation) ==
'''
Essentially, correlation technique is spread spectrum time domain reflectometry.
Emitting the pulse (pseudo random noise) from signal generator to the cable discontinuities and then getting the reflections by correlating the sending pulse with the received signal which acquired from oscilloscope (PicoScope).

[[File:SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 4x25m extension cords
Measurement Result:100m

Open circuit
[[File:SSTDR-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:SSTDR-SC.jpg]]
'''

=== Branch measurement (offline) ===
'''
Branch test circuit

[[File:BT-SSTDR.jpg]]

Measurement Result

[[File:BT-SSTDR-R.jpg]]
'''

=== Online measurement ===
'''
Connecting 4x25m extension cords to the power point at the Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) laboratory.
The result shows a negative reflection for a lower impedance. The low impedance value is mainly because the tested power point is at the laboratory working bench where has plenty of instrument connected. Hence, those electric instruments parallel connect together to get a very low impedance.

[[File:OL-SSTDR.jpg]]
'''

== Impulse Response(FFT) ==
'''
• The RSOIA obtains the on-line characteristic impedance of the power line, using a linear frequency sweep.
• Those results are converted to an impulse response using the FFT.
• That shows any reflection on the cable.

[[File:FFT-1.jpg]]
'''

=== Offline measurement ===
'''
Use 85.15m coaxila cable
Measurement Result:85.27m

Open circuit
[[File:IRFFT-OC.jpg]]
Short circuit
[[File:IRFFT-SC.jpg]]
'''
=== Online measurement ===
'''
The RSOIA was connected directly to a phase of the mains in the EEE workshop.
The result shows a Positive reflection for a higher impedance. It might be caused by circuit junction with higher impedance. Although it might be difficult to determine the fault type exactly, the on-line measurement can still be made to obtain the sensible results at some extent.

[[File:OL-IRFFT.jpg]]
'''

== Comparisons ==
'''
• Accuracy
Both methods have very good performance with relatively high accuracy, while correlation technique is better with higher resolution.

• Speed comparison
Impulse response needs to take more than 30 minutes for a set of data, while correlation only needs a minute.

• Limitations
Correlation cannot provide an impedance value directly from discontinuities.
For both techniques the distance resolution is deter-mined by the signal bandwidth. (20 MHz—7.5m)
'''

== Conclusion ==
'''
The aims of the project have been achieved and two reliable techniques for measuring online reflections on power line have been developed. The two different methods have been found to be able to provide accurate measurements, both on-line and off-line.
'''

== Reference ==
'''
[1] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Resistive shunt on-line impedance analyzer”, in International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications, pp. 150-155, 2016.

[2] C.J. Kikkert and S. Zhu, “Design improvements of the resistive shunt online impedance analyser”, unpublished.

'''

Projects:2016s2-250 On-Line Mains Power Cable Time Domain Reflectometry

2016-08-22T10:17:43Z

A1681160: Created page with "== Project Introduction == ''' A/Prof C. J. Kikkert has developed a power line communications (PLC) frequency impedance analyser for measuring impedance online and presented..."

== Project Introduction ==

'''
A/Prof C. J. Kikkert has developed a power line communications (PLC) frequency impedance analyser for measuring impedance online
and presented this at a conference. Huawei would like to be able to measure distances between power-line
branches. This can be done using time-domain reflectometry. However normal time domain reflectometers cannot
be connected directly to the power mains while they are operating.
The project is to investigate techniques which can be used to measure reflections due to power-line branches. These
techniques include using time domain reflectometry with PLC frequency pulses or using radar type techniques with
the radar like pulses being transmitted on the power-line. Alternately the impedance versus frequency results
obtained by the on-line impedance analyser can be converted to impulse responses using the Fast Fourier Transform
and those can be used to determine reflections.
The outcomes from this project will be very useful to the power industry.
'''

== Project Team ==

=== Academic Supervisors ===

'''
A/Prof Keith Kikkert

A/Prof Nesimi Ertugrul'''

=== Team Members ===

'''
Jinyue Bai

Shuxin Tang
'''