Projects - User contributions [en]

Projects:2018s1-186 Calculation and Optimisation of Energy Usage of Electric Vehicles

2018-10-19T10:54:30Z

A1714193: /* Background */

== Introduction ==

Project title: Calculation and Optimisation of Energy Usage of Electric Vehicles

== Supervisors ==

Wen Soong, Nesimi Ertugrul

== Team members ==

Majing Si, Guixi Deng

== Abstract ==

Due to energy crisis and environmental issues, electric vehicles are regarded as a potential method to solve these energy and environmental problems. In addition, existing issues of electric vehicles, such as limited capability of battery storage and short battery life, etc., are required to be solved.

The first aim of the project is to produce a software used for calculation the energy usage and optimization performance of electric vehicles under a number of situations, including various driving cycles, battery regeneration effects and limits, different mechanical vehicle configurations and different motor types. The second main purpose is battery life study.

== Background ==

1. Driving cycles
Driving cycles are made up of a series of speeds and time points used to simulate different on-road situations of vehicles. Many countries and organisations have
designed some driving cycles. These driving cycles can be used to assess the fuel energy consumption and the pollution gas emissions for conventional vehicles and
electric power usage for electric vehicles. Some European Union driving cycles and U.S. driving cycles are widely used in academic vehicle studies and vehicle
performance tests.

2. Traction system for EVs
Traction is the force which makes vehicle move and the direction is same as the vehicle motion. It is generated by the interaction of the wheels motion with the
ground. For electric vehicles, they require a transmission system to connect the battery system with the motor system. Tractive effort for EVs is the force that
makes wheels rotate.

3. Regenerative braking
In electric vehicle braking system, apart from the traditional mechanical braking system, electric regenerative braking system is also used to regenerate power. When the electric vehicle decreases its speed or go downhill, the wheels rotates and the electric motor is able to be transfer from a motor to a generator. The regeneration is able to generate electricity from mechanical power from the rotating wheels. The electricity can be used at once and the rest will be stored back into the battery.

4. Motor Efficiency
The motor efficiency is an significant part of the energy consumption. It affects both the motor loss and regeneration efficiency. In this project, three methods are used to assume and estimate the efficiency of motor(efficiency map of motors, an efficiency curve using the referred equation and constant value). Different conditions shows the different efficiency values and also under different driving cycles, the efficiencies have differences.

5. Battery life
Battery life is a measure of the battery performance. The charging and discharging will both decrease the capacity of battery. While the capacity of battery decreases to 80%, the battery is out of use. Thus, this project is supposed to estimate the battery life to show the effects of other parameters and specifications on it.

Projects:2018s1-186 Calculation and Optimisation of Energy Usage of Electric Vehicles

2018-10-19T10:53:28Z

A1714193: /* Background */

== Introduction ==

Project title: Calculation and Optimisation of Energy Usage of Electric Vehicles

== Supervisors ==

Wen Soong, Nesimi Ertugrul

== Team members ==

Majing Si, Guixi Deng

== Abstract ==

Due to energy crisis and environmental issues, electric vehicles are regarded as a potential method to solve these energy and environmental problems. In addition, existing issues of electric vehicles, such as limited capability of battery storage and short battery life, etc., are required to be solved.

The first aim of the project is to produce a software used for calculation the energy usage and optimization performance of electric vehicles under a number of situations, including various driving cycles, battery regeneration effects and limits, different mechanical vehicle configurations and different motor types. The second main purpose is battery life study.

== Background ==

1. Driving cycles
Driving cycles are made up of a series of speeds and time points used to simulate different on-road situations of vehicles. Many countries and organisations have
designed some driving cycles. These driving cycles can be used to assess the fuel energy consumption and the pollution gas emissions for conventional vehicles and
electric power usage for electric vehicles. Some European Union driving cycles and U.S. driving cycles are widely used in academic vehicle studies and vehicle
performance tests.

2. Traction system for EVs
Traction is the force which makes vehicle move and the direction is same as the vehicle motion. It is generated by the interaction of the wheels motion with the
ground. For electric vehicles, they require a transmission system to connect the battery system with the motor system. Tractive effort for EVs is the force that
makes wheels rotate.

3. Regenerative braking
In electric vehicle braking system, apart from the traditional mechanical braking system, electric regenerative braking system is also used to regenerate power.
When the electric vehicle decreases its speed or go downhill, the wheels rotates and the electric motor is able to be transfer from a motor to a generator. The
regeneration is able to generate electricity from mechanical power from the rotating wheels. The electricity can be used at once and the rest will be stored back
into the battery.

4. Motor Efficiency
The motor efficiency is an significant part of the energy consumption. It affects both the motor loss and regeneration efficiency. In this project, three methods
are used to assume and estimate the efficiency of motor(efficiency map of motors, an efficiency curve using the referred equation and constant value). Different
conditions shows the different efficiency values and also under different driving cycles, the efficiencies have differences.

5. Battery life
Battery life is a measure of the battery performance. The charging and discharging will both decrease the capacity of battery. While the capacity of battery
decreases to 80%, the battery is out of use. Thus, this project is supposed to estimate the battery life to show the effects of other parameters and specifications
on it.

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-10-19T10:00:39Z

A1714193:

== Project Name ==

Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

== Supervisors ==

Andrew Allison, David Vowles

== Students ==

Lanbo Song, Qingyu Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang

== Description ==

This project aims to carry out a rigorous sequence of tests to measure the dynamical parameters of a synchronous machine. An important aspect of this project is the ability to capture and collate high-quality sets of measurements, and to combine these in order to estimate parameters. The other important aspect of the project is to model the synchronous machine (and prime-mover) to be able to predict experimental outcomes.

== Background ==

This project has been using the workstation 3 in the lab NG06. As shown in figure below, it is the basic part of workstation. The blue one is the DC machine, the yellow one is the induction machine, and the red one is the synchronous machine.

[[File:Synchronous machine.jpg]]

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multi phase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed doubly fed if it is supplied with independently excited multi phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and stator.

As shown in the figure below, it is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a three-phase synchronous machine with one pair of field-poles. The armature and the field are the two main elements. The field winding is supplied with direct current and produces a magnetic field which, due to relative motion between the armature and the field, induces alternating voltages in the armature windings.

[[File:Axis.jpg]]

Normally, the three armature windings are mounted on the stator (i.e. the stationary part of the machine) and the field winding is wound on the rotor of the machine. The three-phase windings of the armature are distributed 120 degree apart in space. Consequently, with uniform rotation of the magnetic-field produced by the field-winding, the three phase-voltages will be separated by 120 degree in time phase.

The Data Acquisition (DAQ) Board that has been used in lab NG06 is the NI-6341. The DAQ system mainly consists of the sensors, data acquisition unit, and a computer with the programmable LabVIEW software.

[[File:Data Acquisition Unit.jpg]]

The main function of the DAQ board is to collect, filter and transfer the data to the LabVIEW software. This device has multiple channels that can be used to get and transmit the data. The NI-6241 board has 8 differential and 16 single ended channels, the sample rate is 500kS/s. there are two analogue output channels and eight digital output channels. The output data can be either analogue or digital, then it will be transferred to the computer through a plug-in slot.

In lab NG06, the software used to process the data is the LabVIEW. And a dynamical model of synchronous machines is able to display and predict the machine performance and is beneficial for engineers to operate the machines.

== Objectives ==

•Collect and collate high-quality measurements.

•Establish quasi-real-time display of the machine performance via LabVIEW.

== Data Acquisition & Process ==

Zero crossing detection generates triggering signals to obtain a set of data. The data are then used by Fourier Integration to estimate the mathematical expressions of the three-phase voltages and currents.

[[File:Three-phase Voltages and Currents.jpg]]

The three-phase voltages and currents gathered from the synchronous machine will be transferred into voltage symmetrical components and current symmetrical components, then the apparent power S will be generated. After finding the values for the real power P and reactive power Q, the capacity graph can be plotted.

[[File:Symmetrical Components and Power.jpg]]

This project also employs an encoding wheel and an incremental encoder interface programmed via LabVIEW to determine the absolute value of the rotor angle, in quasi-real-time.

[[File:Encoding Wheel and Rotor Angle.jpg]]

== LabVIEW Realization ==

Users can select different taps to acquire different information.

The diagrams below shows the LabVIEW interface and the capacity graph.

[[File:LabVIEW Realisation 1.jpg ]]

[[File:LabVIEW Realisation 2.jpg ]]

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-10-19T09:53:54Z

A1714193:

'''Project Name'''

Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

'''Supervisors'''

Andrew Allison, David Vowles

'''Students'''

Lanbo Song, Qingyu Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang

'''Description'''

This project aims to carry out a rigorous sequence of tests to measure the dynamical parameters of a synchronous machine. An important aspect of this project is the ability to capture and collate high-quality sets of measurements, and to combine these in order to estimate parameters. The other important aspect of the project is to model the synchronous machine (and prime-mover) to be able to predict experimental outcomes.

'''Background'''

This project has been using the workstation 3 in the lab NG06. As shown in figure below, it is the basic part of workstation. The blue one is the DC machine, the yellow one is the induction machine, and the red one is the synchronous machine.

[[File:Synchronous machine.jpg]]

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multi phase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed doubly fed if it is supplied with independently excited multi phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and stator.

As shown in the figure below, it is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a three-phase synchronous machine with one pair of field-poles. The armature and the field are the two main elements. The field winding is supplied with direct current and produces a magnetic field which, due to relative motion between the armature and the field, induces alternating voltages in the armature windings.

[[File:Axis.jpg]]

Normally, the three armature windings are mounted on the stator (i.e. the stationary part of the machine) and the field winding is wound on the rotor of the machine. The three-phase windings of the armature are distributed 120 degree apart in space. Consequently, with uniform rotation of the magnetic-field produced by the field-winding, the three phase-voltages will be separated by 120 degree in time phase.

The Data Acquisition (DAQ) Board that has been used in lab NG06 is the NI-6341. The DAQ system mainly consists of the sensors, data acquisition unit, and a computer with the programmable LabVIEW software.

[[File:Data Acquisition Unit.jpg]]

The main function of the DAQ board is to collect, filter and transfer the data to the LabVIEW software. This device has multiple channels that can be used to get and transmit the data. The NI-6241 board has 8 differential and 16 single ended channels, the sample rate is 500kS/s. there are two analogue output channels and eight digital output channels. The output data can be either analogue or digital, then it will be transferred to the computer through a plug-in slot.

In lab NG06, the software used to process the data is the LabVIEW. And a dynamical model of synchronous machines is able to display and predict the machine performance and is beneficial for engineers to operate the machines.

'''Objectives'''

•Collect and collate high-quality measurements.

•Establish quasi-real-time display of the machine performance via LabVIEW.

'''Data Acquisition & Process'''

Zero crossing detection generates triggering signals to obtain a set of data. The data are then used by Fourier Integration to estimate the mathematical expressions of the three-phase voltages and currents.

[[File:Three-phase Voltages and Currents.jpg]]

The three-phase voltages and currents gathered from the synchronous machine will be transferred into voltage symmetrical components and current symmetrical components, then the apparent power S will be generated. After finding the values for the real power P and reactive power Q, the capacity graph can be plotted.

[[File:Symmetrical Components and Power.jpg]]

This project also employs an encoding wheel and an incremental encoder interface programmed via LabVIEW to determine the absolute value of the rotor angle, in quasi-real-time.

[[File:Encoding Wheel and Rotor Angle.jpg]]

'''LabVIEW Realization'''

Users can select different taps to acquire different information.

The diagrams below shows the LabVIEW interface and the capacity graph.

[[File:LabVIEW Realisation 1.jpg ]]

[[File:LabVIEW Realisation 2.jpg ]]

File:LabVIEW Realisation 1.jpg

2018-10-19T09:43:20Z

A1714193:

File:LabVIEW Realisation 2.jpg

2018-10-19T09:42:13Z

A1714193:

File:Encoding Wheel and Rotor Angle.jpg

2018-10-19T09:41:58Z

A1714193:

File:Symmetrical Components and Power.jpg

2018-10-19T09:41:43Z

A1714193:

File:Three-phase Voltages and Currents.jpg

2018-10-19T09:41:29Z

A1714193:

File:Synchronous machine.jpg

2018-10-19T09:41:12Z

A1714193:

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-10-19T09:40:25Z

A1714193:

'''Project Name'''

Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

'''Supervisors'''

Andrew Allison, David Vowles

'''Students'''

Lanbo Song, Qingyu Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang

'''Description'''

This project aims to carry out a rigorous sequence of tests to measure the dynamical parameters of a synchronous machine. An important aspect of this project is the ability to capture and collate high-quality sets of measurements, and to combine these in order to estimate parameters. The other important aspect of the project is to model the synchronous machine (and prime-mover) to be able to predict experimental outcomes.

'''Background'''

This project has been using the workstation 3 in the lab NG06. As shown in figure below, it is the basic part of workstation. The blue one is the DC machine, the yellow one is the induction machine, and the red one is the synchronous machine.
[[File:Example.jpg]]

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multi phase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed doubly fed if it is supplied with independently excited multi phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and stator.

As shown in the figure below, it is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a three-phase synchronous machine with one pair of field-poles. The armature and the field are the two main elements. The field winding is supplied with direct current and produces a magnetic field which, due to relative motion between the armature and the field, induces alternating voltages in the armature windings.
[[File:Axis.jpg]]

Normally, the three armature windings are mounted on the stator (i.e. the stationary part of the machine) and the field winding is wound on the rotor of the machine. The three-phase windings of the armature are distributed 120 degree apart in space. Consequently, with uniform rotation of the magnetic-field produced by the field-winding, the three phase-voltages will be separated by 120 degree in time phase.

The Data Acquisition (DAQ) Board that has been used in lab NG06 is the NI-6341. The DAQ system mainly consists of the sensors, data acquisition unit, and a computer with the programmable LabVIEW software.
[[File:Data Acquisition Unit.jpg]]

The main function of the DAQ board is to collect, filter and transfer the data to the LabVIEW software. This device has multiple channels that can be used to get and transmit the data. The NI-6241 board has 8 differential and 16 single ended channels, the sample rate is 500kS/s. there are two analogue output channels and eight digital output channels. The output data can be either analogue or digital, then it will be transferred to the computer through a plug-in slot.

In lab NG06, the software used to process the data is the LabVIEW. And a dynamical model of synchronous machines is able to display and predict the machine performance and is beneficial for engineers to operate the machines.

'''Objectives'''

•Collect and collate high-quality measurements.

•Establish quasi-real-time display of the machine performance via LabVIEW.

File:Data Acquisition Unit.jpg

2018-10-19T09:38:01Z

A1714193:

File:Axis.jpg

2018-10-19T09:36:15Z

A1714193:

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-10-19T09:19:24Z

A1714193:

'''Project Name'''

Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

'''Supervisors'''

Andrew Allison, David Vowles

'''Students'''

Lanbo Song, Qingyu Zhu, Xiaoyu Wang

'''Description'''

This project aims to carry out a rigorous sequence of tests to measure the dynamical parameters of a synchronous machine. An important aspect of this project is the ability to capture and collate high-quality sets of measurements, and to combine these in order to estimate parameters. The other important aspect of the project is to model the synchronous machine (and prime-mover) to be able to predict experimental outcomes.

'''Background'''

This project has been using the workstation 3 in the lab NG06. As shown in figure below, it is the basic part of workstation. The blue one is the DC machine, the yellow one is the induction machine, and the red one is the synchronous machine.
[[File:Example.jpg]]

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles. Synchronous motors contain multi phase AC electromagnets on the stator of the motor that create a magnetic field which rotates in time with the oscillations of the line current. The rotor with permanent magnets or electromagnets turns in step with the stator field at the same rate and as a result, provides the second synchronized rotating magnet field of any AC motor. A synchronous motor is termed doubly fed if it is supplied with independently excited multi phase AC electromagnets on both the rotor and stator.

As shown in the figure below, it is a cross-sectional schematic diagram of a three-phase synchronous machine with one pair of field-poles. The armature and the field are the two main elements. The field winding is supplied with direct current and produces a magnetic field which, due to relative motion between the armature and the field, induces alternating voltages in the armature windings.

Normally, the three armature windings are mounted on the stator (i.e. the stationary part of the machine) and the field winding is wound on the rotor of the machine. The three-phase windings of the armature are distributed 120 degree apart in space. Consequently, with uniform rotation of the magnetic-field produced by the field-winding, the three phase-voltages will be separated by 120 degree in time phase.

[[File:Example.jpg]]

The Data Acquisition (DAQ) Board that has been used in lab NG06 is the NI-6341. The DAQ system mainly consists of the sensors, data acquisition unit, and a computer with the programmable LabVIEW software.

The main function of the DAQ board is to collect, filter and transfer the data to the LabVIEW software. This device has multiple channels that can be used to get and transmit the data. The NI-6241 board has 8 differential and 16 single ended channels, the sample rate is 500kS/s. there are two analogue output channels and eight digital output channels. The output data can be either analogue or digital, then it will be transferred to the computer through a plug-in slot.

In lab NG06, the software used to process the data is the LabVIEW. And a dynamical model of synchronous machines is able to display and predict the machine performance and is beneficial for engineers to operate the machines.

'''Objectives'''

•Collect and collate high-quality measurements.

•Establish quasi-real-time display of the machine performance via LabVIEW.

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-08-20T10:31:50Z

A1714193:

Projects:2018s1-190 Dynamical Modelling of Synchronous Machines

2018-08-20T10:30:45Z

A1714193: