View source for Projects:2018s1-175 Split-ring resonators for measuring spatially-distributed complex permittivity at microwave frequencies


== Introduction ==

Split Ring Resonator (SRR) is an electromagnetic metamaterial which can be used as a sensing device. This project is developed to produce a 2D permittivity mapping for different types of material under test (MUT). A device that used SRR as a sensing device is produced with a varactor to load the DC voltage to replace the Voltage Network Analyser (VNA) and 3 dimension testing of scanning system.


                                            [[File: Gambarsystem.png|System Overview|thumb]]

The figure shows how the system that is built from last project. This year, the project changed the system so that it will be more effective. The varactor is included to the SRR to replace the VNA and a new system that can provide 3D scanning is added to replace the 2D system made by last year project.

==Project Group Members==

1. Izatul Natasha Zulkefli

2. Liang Cheng

3. Ziyuan Wang

==Project Supervisors==

1.  Dr. Withawat Withayachumnankul

2. Professor Christophe Fumeaux

== Project Aims and Approached ==

The aims of this project is to make the SRR sensing device produced by the last year group to be give high sensitivity in scanning the MUT.
There are three approached that been explore to increase the sensitivity of the sensing device using SRR.

1. Designing different design of SRR

Designing the SRR is the main part of the project for increasing the sensitivity. This designing process had considered many types of factor so that the SRR can works well when tested with different types of MUT. The shape of SRR had been maintained from the previous shape which is in triangle shape as this shape can give better resolution . As for the design, the microstrip had been change to match with the 50 ohm characteristic impedance for impedance matching with the port. The SRR also were designed with almost no thickness so that it can give better resolution besides can made the varactor being soldiered easily on the SRR. Two inductance line were made to supply dc voltage and stopping the RF signal.

2. Load Varactor on the SRR

Varactor is a diode that can vary its capacitance by loading the dc voltage. This special characteristic made varactor suitable to replaced the VNA . VNA were used by the previous group to produced the resonance shift change when MUT are placed under the SRR. This function were replaced by varactor which vary the dc voltage to get the reading of the frequency shift.

3. 3 Dimension Sensing

The permittivity mapping are done by 2 dimension mapping by last year project. As to increase the permittivity mapping function, a system which allow 3 dimension mapping (x,y and z axis) were produced.

== Project Design==

[[File: Screen_Shot_2018-10-18_at_1.55.36_PM.png]]


The cycle shows how the overview of the project structure. Starting with SRR as a sensing device to test with different MUT. Then, the system continue with the power detector getting the measurement of the power signal produced by the SRR. This power signal then analysed by the arduino board which had been coded to pass the reading of the power signal to the Digital Analog Converter. This reading were then received by the varactor to produce the result of frequency shift made by the SRR.

== Design and Hardware ==

'''SRR'''

SRR were design as shown in figure below :

[[File: Screen_Shot_2018-10-18_at_1.59.48_PM.png]]

Substrate : Substrate that had been used is fr4 which has relative permittivity of 4.3.

Microstrip line : Microstrip line with width of 3.162mm with almost no thickness were used to get the impedance characteristic of 50 ohm for impedance matching.

Varactor : loaded on the SRR used for changing the resonance frequency.

Conductance line : Used for RF choke which supply DC voltage and stop the flowing of RF Signal.

'''Power Detector'''

[[File: Screen_Shot_2018-10-18_at_2.18.33_PM.png]]

This power detector are used to measure the voltage amplitude produced by SRR.

'''DAC And Arduino'''

[[File:Screen Shot 2018-10-18 at 2.33.01 PM.png]]

This diagram shows the structure of how the arduino control the sensor to measure the height and also pass the reading of voltage to DAC which then being transfer to varactor for resonance frequency variation. The sensor that had been used is laser displacement sensor (LDS CP08MHT80)  which can give high resolution (8um), reasonable price and also give a good result of the measurement.


==Project Results==

From the simulation made in CST software, the graph of S2:1 which shows the frequency shift shown a successful improvement by 32% of normalised frequency shift from last year. This shows that when the MUT are placed under the SRR, the shift are more significant than before. Two MUT (copper and fr4) are used to compare from the last year result.

[[File:Resultvvvvpng.png]]

==Conclusion==

Based on the project result and system overview, the project are not 100% successful due to a few constraint. This project managed to increase frequency shift, replacing VNA with more compact device which is varactor and improved from 2 dimension mapping to 3 dimension mapping by adding z-axis reading. There are lot of improvement that can be made in future to make the project better and can be used in industry.

==Future Work==

1. Used a more expensive substrate to replace fr4 to decrease the loss of tangent so that the result of real test will not much different from the simulation.

2. Design 3D tip SRR which give better performance.