View source for Projects:2018s1-182 Inertia Characterisation and Modelling in a Renewable Energy and Battery Based Microgrid

= Introduction =
Synchronous inertia, is basically the amount of stored energy in a power system that can be utilised during supply demand imbalances. Recently, due to high penetration of wind and solar power in a power system, thus form of inertia has slowly been decreasing thus causing instability in the power system as the frequency fluctuates more.

A possible solution for this is to provide more stored energy in the system using batteries. This is called synthetic inertia. Although not instantaneous like synchronous inertia, with fast frequency processing, synthetic inertia could be a viable way of minimising supply demand imbalances at all times and therefore stabilising frequency.

== Project Team ==

:* Maxwell Weppner
:* Pei Ying Lim

== Project Supervisors ==

 
:* Assoc Prof. Nesimi Ertugrul 
:* Dr Wai-Kin Wong (Electranet)

= Motivation =
Power Systems are changing rapidly. In the South Australian case, on average, approximately 50% of the electricity is produced by asynchronous generators. However, the asynchronous supply at any given time can reach 100% and regularly does. This is in stark contrast with historical power systems where 100% of the electricity was sourced by synchronous generators all of the time. This has consequently had a number of effects on the modern power system, one being the ever decreasing synchronous inertia that historical systems inherently had.


Low system inertia is a problem when it comes to system stability as was seen in the 2016 Blackout in South Australia. Thus, it is desired to somehow replace this stability. Synthesizing inertia is one such method and has been explored in this project.

= Objectives =

The objective of this project is to model a renewable energy and battery based microgrid focusing on inertia characterisation. The project objectives are listed below :  

: a) Develop microgrid with +/- 0.15Hz of frequency regulation 
: b) Improve the rate of change of frequency measurement (RoCoF) scheme 
: c) Demonstrate the role of battery energy storage solution (BESS) for frequency regulation and frequency contingency 
: d) Software modelling and validation

= Project Structure =

This project is divided into multiple stages. 

: Stage 0 - Literature Research 
: Stage 1 - Validation of Previous Result 
: Stage 2 - New System Improvements 
: Stage 3 - Software Modelling and Validation

= Project Stages =

Stage 1 - Validation of Previous Results. 
: In this stage, we reproduced the setup from the previous year and aimed to validate previous results. 
: We repeated all the experimental test beds that were performed in 2017. However, the exact results were not recreated because of the petrol generator itself. There were a number of problems with the generator, these included a fluctuating output voltage frequency and a distorted voltage sine wave. Under the load step changes that were imposed on the generator in these test beds, these problems were amplified. After reproducing the previous results to an acceptable limit, a deeper understanding of this system and its problems was realised allowing a platform for the remainder of the project to commence from.

Stage 2 - The New System
: Due to the problems with the petrol generator it was replaced with a different system incorporating a DC Motor as the prime mover of a three phase synchronous generator. Simple resistive loads were applied to the system under operation to act as the "base load", electronic load banks were attached to each phase and were controlled by LabVIEW software. The same test beds were applied to this system to investigate the difference, the results showing that the new setup was superior. Following this, the LabVIEW software was significantly adjusted such that it could measure a declining frequency and turn the E-Loads off accordingly (FFR). It is important to note that this fast frequency response action was implemented such that it was controlled by the frequency and was basically blind as too what the electronic loads were doing. Once this was implemented, various scenarios were tested and the characteristics of this FFR and this system as a whole were recorded.

Stage 3 - Modelling the System
With a viable system and useful results the system needed to be modelled such that this FFR solution could be scaled and investigated further to prove its use in frequency stability in power systems. The system was modelled initially in Power Factory which is a power systems modelling tool. However, it was difficult to accurately model this system in Power Factory. The difficulty was due to the nature of the inherent frequency control of this system. In this case the DC Motor prime mover's output power is controlled by the frequency and it therefore acts like a governor with a substantial droop. Firstly all the known settings and parameters were modelled but modelling the DC Motor Prime Mover as a Governor was basically trial and error. The system

= Project Results =

Stage 1 - Validation of Previous Results. 
:
: 

Stage 2 - The New System
: We implemented the microgrid in the machines lab using a DC Machine to drive the synchronous machine as a generator. The testbed from previous year is repeated in the three phase system. We have +-0.02Hz of frequency variation during regulation, which is one of our objectives. 


Stage 3 - Modelling the System
:

= Project Conclusions and Further Studies =

= References =

: [1]Deloitte, “Energy markets and the implications of renewables,” Deloitte, Adelaide, 2015.
: [2] M. A. Pelletier, M. E. Phethean and S. Nutt, “Grid code requirements for artificial inertia control systems in the New Zealand Power System,” Transpower, Wellington, 2012.
: [3] A. Portelli, “Inertia Characterisation and Modelling in a Renewable Energy and Battery Based Microgrid,” The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 2017.
: [4] R. Eriksson, N. Modig and K. Elkington, “Synthetic inertia versus fast frequency,” IET Journals, Sundbyberg, 2017.
: [5] H. Thiesen, C. Jauch and A. Gloe, “Design of a System Substituting Today’s Inherent Inertia in the European Continental Synchronous Area,” Hochschule Flensburg, Flensburg, 2016.
: [6] N. Miller, “Technology Capabilities for Fast Frequency Response,” General Electric, Schenectady, New York, 2017.
: [7] M. B. S. M. Seyedi, “The Utilization of Synthetic Inertia From Wind Farms And Its Impact On Existing Speed Governors And System Performance,” Elforsk AB, Stockholm, 2013.
: [8] F. G. -. Longatt, “IMPACT OF SYNTHETIC INERTIA FROM WIND POWER ON THE PROTECTION/CONTROL SCHEMES OF FUTURE POWER SYSTEMS: SIMULATION STUDY,” Faculty of Computering and Engineering, Coventry University, Coventry, 2012.
: [9] C. T. Nguyen and K. Srinivasan, “A New Technique for Rapid Tracking of Frequency Deviations Based on Level Crossings,” IEEE, Quebec, 1984.
: [10] G. G. Haines, AESKB Software PMU Analyser V0.1 GH 2017-11-01, Adelaide: The University of Adelaide, 2017.
: [11] K. Kikkert, “Response from Nesimi Team,” Google, Adelaide, 2018.
: [12] D. Vowles, Power Systems Lecture Notes, Adelaide: The University of Adelaide, 2017.
: [13] AEMC, The Frequency Operating Standard, Sydney: AEMC, 2017.
: [14] “Multi-cylinder Engines (Automobile),” what-when-how, [Online]. Available: http://what-when-how.com/automobile/multi-cylinder-engines-automobile/. 
: [15] E. Explained, Flywheel - Explained, 2012.
: [16] I. Toshio, H. Taniguchi, Y. Ikeguchi and K. Yoshida, Estimation of Power System Inertia Constant and Capacity of Spinning-reserve support Generators Using Measured Frequency Transients, Tokyo; Osaka: IEEE, 1997.