Projects:2019s1-142 The Ball Bearing Motor Mystery - Revision history

A1705002: /* Project YouTube videos */

2019-11-07T14:27:46Z

‎Project YouTube videos

A1705002: /* Project YouTube videos */

2019-11-07T14:26:23Z

‎Project YouTube videos

A1705002: /* Conclusion */

2019-11-07T14:22:59Z

‎Conclusion

A1705002: /* Background */

2019-11-04T01:39:05Z

‎Background

A1705002: /* References and useful resources */

2019-11-04T01:38:23Z

‎References and useful resources

A1705002: /* Results */

2019-11-04T01:32:00Z

‎Results

A1705002: /* Conclusion */

2019-11-04T01:14:17Z

‎Conclusion

A1706437: /* Design */

2019-10-31T12:59:25Z

‎Design

A1706437: /* Design */

2019-10-31T12:55:50Z

‎Design

A1706437: /* Design */

2019-10-30T12:56:36Z

‎Design

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 == Project YouTube videos==
-# Ball Bearing Motor Mystery
-## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-OtHLq0KVU&t=1s
+* Ball Bearing Motor Mystery
-# Reactions of metals with Gallium
+** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-OtHLq0KVU&t=1s
-## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4&t=1s
+* Reactions of metals with Gallium
-# Investigation of the Ball Bearing Motor
+** https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4&t=1s
-## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsAD6xZrKqM&t=1s
+* Investigation of the Ball Bearing Motor
 == References and useful resources==

@@ Line 114: / Line 114: @@
 == Project YouTube videos==
+# Ball Bearing Motor Mystery
-# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-OtHLq0KVU&t=1s
+## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-OtHLq0KVU&t=1s
-# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4&t=1s
+# Reactions of metals with Gallium
-# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsAD6xZrKqM&t=1s
+## https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4&t=1s
 == References and useful resources==

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 7 November 2019
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	In conclusion, the experiments conducted in this project supports Gruenberg's electromagnetic theory as the modified motor did not work and the relationship between torque and angular velocity was found to be a squared one. The result of the simulations and from testing the modified motor have given reasons to not neglect the electromechanical theory suggested by Polivanov instead. However, it is possible that the modified motor did not work due to the size of the motor. Future testing of the modified motor should take this into consideration.		In conclusion, the experiments conducted in this project supports Gruenberg's electromagnetic theory as the modified motor did not work and the relationship between torque and angular velocity was found to be a squared one. The result of the simulations and from testing the modified motor have given reasons to not neglect the electromechanical theory suggested by Polivanov instead. However, it is possible that the modified motor did not work due to the size of the motor. Future testing of the modified motor should take this into consideration.
		+
		+	== Project YouTube videos==
		+
		+	# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-OtHLq0KVU&t=1s
		+	# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4&t=1s
		+	# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsAD6xZrKqM&t=1s

	== References and useful resources==		== References and useful resources==

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 '''Electromagnetic force effect'''
-The cause for the Huber effect that it uses the electromagnetic force effect, was first proposed in 1977 by Gruenberg - an electrical engineer in Canada. He states that inside each ball bearing there exists an initial current density, J0 with its corresponding magnetic field, B0. When the balls rotate with angular velocity ω, then a new current density, J1 will be generated due to the motion displacement that occurred in the initial magnetic field, B0. A new magnetic field B1 is produced as a byproduct of J1. As the ball continuously rotates then so does the process continuously repeats. The interchanges of between J0 and B1, and J1 and B0 is what causes a torque to occur. One remark is that the initial current density, J0 and the initial magnetic field, B0, is not sufficient to produce a starting torque, meaning that the motor is not capable of self-starting. A torque can only be produced once the motor is manually given a spin [2].
+The cause for the Huber effect that it uses the electromagnetic force effect, was first proposed in 1977 by Gruenberg - an electrical engineer in Canada. He states that inside each ball bearing there exists an initial current density, J0 with its corresponding magnetic field, B0. When the balls rotate with angular velocity ω, then a new current density, J1 will be generated due to the motion displacement that occurred in the initial magnetic field, B0. A new magnetic field B1 is produced as a byproduct of J1. As the ball continuously rotates then so does the process continuously repeats. The interchanges of between J0 and B1, and J1 and B0 is what causes a torque to occur. One remark is that the initial current density, J0 and the initial magnetic field, B0, is not sufficient to produce a starting torque, meaning that the motor is not capable of self-starting. A torque can only be produced once the motor is manually given a spin [1].
-In the ball’s initial state without any external forces, the zero-order fields around the ball: J0 and B0 take shape as shown in part (a) of Figure 1. Once exposed to an external force causing the ball to spin, the fields around the ball in the bearing to take shape as shown in part (b) of Figure 1. Notice how the current density is now shifted to go along the “Y” axis and the magnetic field is shifted to go in the “Z” axis. This orientation of the fields is believed to be the cause of the continuous ball rotation. Through detailed analysis, Gruenberg concluded the relationships between torque, current and angular velocity was a squared one [2].
+In the ball’s initial state without any external forces, the zero-order fields around the ball: J0 and B0 take shape as shown in part (a) of Figure 1. Once exposed to an external force causing the ball to spin, the fields around the ball in the bearing to take shape as shown in part (b) of Figure 1. Notice how the current density is now shifted to go along the “Y” axis and the magnetic field is shifted to go in the “Z” axis. This orientation of the fields is believed to be the cause of the continuous ball rotation. Through detailed analysis, Gruenberg concluded the relationships between torque, current and angular velocity was a squared one [1].
-[[File:Current and magnetic field distribution of each ball in the ball bearing for zero and first order fields. Ref .PNG|500px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Current and magnetic field distribution of each ball in the ball bearing for zero and first order fields. Ref [2]]]
+[[File:Current and magnetic field distribution of each ball in the ball bearing for zero and first order fields. Ref .PNG|500px|thumb|center|Figure 1: Current and magnetic field distribution of each ball in the ball bearing for zero and first order fields. Ref [1]]]
 '''Thermal expansion effect'''
-Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a material as temperature is increased, typically expressed as fractional change in volume per unit temperature. Marinov hypothesized that the Ball Bearing Motor is a thermal engine, where it is able to produce motion from electricity without the use of magnetism. He states that the torque (or the main cause of the rotation) is from the thermal expansion of the balls in their bearings. That the contact points between the ball bearing and the races is where it heats up the most, causing the ball bearings to physically expand, yielding a small “bulge” at that point. Noting that not the whole ball becomes heated but only contact points of the ball as shown in Figure 2 with red dots. At these points is where the ohmic (junction between two conductors with linear current) resistance is much greater than the resistance across the entire ball [3].
+Thermal expansion is the increase in volume of a material as temperature is increased, typically expressed as fractional change in volume per unit temperature. Marinov hypothesized that the Ball Bearing Motor is a thermal engine, where it is able to produce motion from electricity without the use of magnetism. He states that the torque (or the main cause of the rotation) is from the thermal expansion of the balls in their bearings. That the contact points between the ball bearing and the races is where it heats up the most, causing the ball bearings to physically expand, yielding a small “bulge” at that point. Noting that not the whole ball becomes heated but only contact points of the ball as shown in Figure 2 with red dots. At these points is where the ohmic (junction between two conductors with linear current) resistance is much greater than the resistance across the entire ball [2].
 [[File:Contacts of a ball with inner and outer races.PNG|500px|thumb|center|Figure 2: Contacts of a ball with inner and outer races]]
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 '''Electromechanical effect'''
-In 1973, the physicist, Polivanov, proposed that Electromechanical was cause of this Huber effect. That the discharge takes place at the contact points between the ball bearings and the races, producing a force sufficient enough to sustain rotation. This force is produced by the applied voltage with an assert being that the current is prone to flow in the opposite direction to the applied voltage. The interactions between the current and the magnetic field causes a disturbance to the symmetry of the current and flux confined by previous contact points. As the points of contact are being continually established through rotation, the force is sustained [4].
+In 1973, the physicist, Polivanov, proposed that Electromechanical was cause of this Huber effect. That the discharge takes place at the contact points between the ball bearings and the races, producing a force sufficient enough to sustain rotation. This force is produced by the applied voltage with an assert being that the current is prone to flow in the opposite direction to the applied voltage. The interactions between the current and the magnetic field causes a disturbance to the symmetry of the current and flux confined by previous contact points. As the points of contact are being continually established through rotation, the force is sustained [3].
 In Figure 3, when the ball starts spinning, the old contact point shown in the green circle of part (b) is no longer the contact point. This in turn emerges a new current distribution without neglecting the old distribution, therefore the symmetry is disturbed. Hence the ball will continue to rotate from the momentum of the event of plasma discharge.

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 == References and useful resources==
-[1] J.M.K.C. Donev et al.. Energy Education - Electromagnetic force, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Electromagnetic_force.
+[1] H. Gruenberg et al, "The ball bearing as a motor," Am. J. Physics, 46, pp. 1213-1219, 1973.
-[2] H. Gruenberg et al, "The ball bearing as a motor," Am. J. Physics, 46, pp. 1213-1219, 1973.
+[2] S. Marinov, "The intriguing ball-bearing motor," Electronics & Wireless World, April 1989
-[3] S. Marinov, "The intriguing ball-bearing motor," Electronics & Wireless World, April 1989
+[3] K. M. Polivanov, A. V. Netushil and N. V. Tatarinova, "Electromechanical effect of Huber," Elektrichestvo, No. 8, pp. 72-6, 1973.
-[4] K. M. Polivanov, A. V. Netushil and N. V. Tatarinova, "Electromechanical effect of Huber," Elektrichestvo, No. 8, pp. 72-6, 1973.
+[4] Integza (2019). DIY Torquemeter - How to measure torque! [Arduino & 3D Printed]. [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIpspXaPVcs [Accessed 1 Jul. 2019].

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 The welder was connected up to the ball bearing motor and set to 58.5A. The welder was then turned on and the shaft was given an initial torque, the shaft then rotated at high speeds. The torque values and rpm values were recorded as described in design section. Both these sets of values were then plotted against time as well as against each other. This was repeated for the currents: 60A, 60.9A and 62.8A. It was found that the torque increased with current. The angular velocity, however, was inconsistent at higher currents. The relationship between the torque and angular velocity was found to be too inconsistent to support either electromagnetic theories.
-[[File:Tavct.png|900px|thumb|center|Figure 8: Top left: Relationship between torque and time, Top Right: Relationship between angular velocity and time, Bottom: Relationship between angular velocity and torque]]
+[[File:Fixed together outlined.PNG|900px|thumb|center|Figure 8: Top left: Relationship between torque and time, Top Right: Relationship between angular velocity and time, Bottom: Relationship between angular velocity and torque]]
 == Future Work ==

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 == Conclusion ==
-In conclusion, the experiments conducted in this project do not support either electromagnetic theories as the modified motor did not work and the relationship between torque and angular velocity was found to be too inconsistent to be make a definite statement. The result of the simulations and from testing the modified motor have given reasons to consider the electromechanical theory suggested by Polivanov instead. However, it is possible that the modified motor did not work due to the size of the motor. Future testing of the modified motor should take this into consideration.
+In conclusion, the experiments conducted in this project supports Gruenberg's electromagnetic theory as the modified motor did not work and the relationship between torque and angular velocity was found to be a squared one. The result of the simulations and from testing the modified motor have given reasons to not neglect the electromechanical theory suggested by Polivanov instead. However, it is possible that the modified motor did not work due to the size of the motor. Future testing of the modified motor should take this into consideration.
 == References and useful resources==

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 '''Measurement Method'''
-To measure the torque of the motor, the shaft of the motor will be fitted with a peg like structure that will push against a load cell when the motor is operated. The peg (also referred to as the torque arm) were designed in Ansys Spaceclaim and 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA). The load cell is a small steel bar with strain gauges attached onto its sides. When the load cell is bent, the strain gauges elongate causing its electrical resistance to change. This change in resistance causes a change in voltage which is amplified and measured using an amplifier and an Arduino board respectively. The speed of the motor will be measured using a laser tachometer. To increase the accuracy of the tachometer, an encoding wheel also designed in Ansys Spaceclaim and printed using PLA. The encoding wheel is fitted onto the shaft and the tachometer is pointed directly at it.
+To measure the torque of the motor, the shaft of the motor were fitted with a peg like structure that will push against a load cell when the motor is operated. The peg (also referred to as the torque arm) were designed in Ansys Spaceclaim and 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA). The load cell is a small steel bar with strain gauges attached onto its sides. When the load cell is bent, the strain gauges elongates causing its electrical resistance to change. This change in resistance causes a change in voltage which is amplified and measured using an Arduino board. The speed of the motor will be measured using a laser tachometer. To increase the accuracy of the tachometer, an encoding wheel also designed in Ansys Spaceclaim and printed using PLA was also used. The encoding wheel was fitted onto the shaft and the tachometer is pointed directly at it.
 ''' Power Supply and Current measurements'''

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 Gallium is chosen for this experiment due to its relatively low melting point (30 degrees Celsius) and its non-toxic behaviour which allows it to be safely handled. It is highly corrosive to other metals, however, it has also been proven to be an effective cooling agent with low viscosity making it very adequate for this project.
-Galinstan, an alloy consisting or gallium, indium and tin, was also considered due the similar properties it shares with pure gallium. It was, however, dismissed due to its high cost when compared to gallium.
+Galinstan, an alloy consisting of gallium, indium and tin, was also considered due the similar properties it shares with pure gallium. It was, however, dismissed due to its high cost when compared to gallium.
 '''Solid Disks and Rods'''

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 A list of materials including; tungsten, copper, aluminium and stainless steel were tested against gallium to see which would be best suited for the manufacturing of the solid disks. Copper and aluminium showed obvious corrosion when placed in liquid gallium for 30 minutes. Whilst copper exhibited clear signs of becoming brittle, the aluminium rod that was tested completely snapped in half. Tungsten and stainless steel on the other hand showed little to no corrosion at all. Ultimately the solid disks were made out of stainless steel due to its relatively low cost and availability but the rods were made out of tungsten.
-The following YouTube video shows how tungsten, copper and aluminium reacts with gallium: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4
+The following video was made to show how tungsten, copper and aluminium reacts with gallium: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nglK-_yMVz4
 '''Measurement Method'''