Projects:2021s1-13482 Nanoscale Devices for 6G Technologies

In telecommunications, 6G is the 6th generation standard for telecommunication that is currently under research and development for wireless communication technologies for supporting cellular data networks. It is the successor of the 5G network and will be significantly faster. The development of 6G communication technologies requires new devices that will access into Terahertz spectral range.

Introduction

Compared to 5G, the most outstanding difference between 5G and 6G is that 6G communication technology will access into Terahertz(THz) spectral range. To access the terahertz frequency spectral, we need electronic devices that can operate in the terahertz frequency environment. Some high-speed electronic devices such as High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) has already been used at the top edge of the communication devices, and the result is successful. However, other high-speed electronic devices such as Heterogeneous Bipolar Transistors (HBTs), Resonance Tunneling Diodes (RTDs) have even better high-frequency performance.

Project team

Project students

• Zicong Wen
• Jiayue Liang

Supervisors

• Professor Nelson Tansu

Objectives

This project aims to research electronic devices that can support the 6G wireless telecommunication technology standard and analyse the frequency performance of the researched devices. Two devices were researched in this project, Heterogeneous Bipolar Transistor and Resonance Tunnelling Diode

Background

6G Requirements

As 5G initiated, many organizations have already defined the 6G system in various ways. A difference that distinguishes 6G telecommunication technology from its predecessors is that 6G technology can access into Terahertz frequency range. The development of 6G technology does not only mean the revolution of telecommunication technology, it also means the speed of wireless data transmission technology will be progressed significantly. The following table shows the comparison of 4G, 5G and 6G network systems [1].

Key requirements of 5G, beyond 5G and 6G network systems

KPI	5G	Beyond 5G	6G
Operating frequency bandwidth	Sub-6 GHz Mm-Wave for fixed access	Sub-6 GHz Mm-Wave for fixed access	Sub-6 GHz Mm-Wave for mobile access Exploration for higher frequency and THz bands
Rate requirements	1Gb/s	100Gb/s	1Tb/s

Method

Resonant Tunneling Diode (RTD)

RTD is one type of diode based on the quantum mechanical phenomenon, resonant tunnelling. The electrons can flow through the energy barriers with some probability, which is impossible in classical physics. And the tunnelling can happen in an instant. Its IV graph also indicates its negative resistance characteristic. Due to these features, RTD can operate over the THz theoretically.

Heterogeneous Bipolar Transistors (HBT)

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) has dominated the electronic world for a very long time. It is a good, effective semiconductor that is widely used in many applications. However, with the rapid development of the 6G technology, BJT is no longer fulfilling the demand for extremely high transmitting speed. Hence, introducing HBT can enable devices to work in the terahertz environment so that the speed of the device is improved.

Material used

The following table shows the key parameters of the materials for the HBT in the project.

Current Components

Figure 1: Current components of an NPN transistor

Figure 1 [1] is a model of the current components of an NPN transistor, it is applicable for either BJT and HBT. The description of these components is given as the following:

• I_nE: Electron diffusion current injected at the EB junction
• I_pE: Hole diffusion current injected at the EB junction
• I_B: Base current
• I_C: Collector current
• I_E = I_nE + I_pE
• I_E = I_B + I_C

Therefore, the DC parameters of HBT can be calculated using these relationship.

Transistor parameters

The following parameters are essential to study and evaluate the characteristics of a transistor.

1. Emitter Injection Efficiency: Emitter injection efficiency defines the efficiency of the majority carrier injects from base to emitter. It is the quotient of the I_C and I_nE.
2. Base transpose factor: The base transpose factor is defined as the base current that requires transferring the emitter current to the collector current. It is the quotient of the I_nE and I_E.
3. Current transpose factor: Current transpose factor represents the emitter-to-collector current amplification, it is also known as the common-base current gain. It is the product of the emitter injection efficiency and the base transpose factor.
4. Amplification factor: The Amplification factor is defined as the ratio of the collector current to the base current. It is also known as common-emitter current gain. It is the quotient of the I_C and I_B.

Frequency Response

Frequency response is an important parameter that demonstrates the performance of the device in the frequency environment. The cut-off frequency is an indicator in a frequency response diagram at which the power of the system begins to be reduced. It usually corresponds to the frequency that is 3 dB less than the initial gain, which is -3 dB in this case. The reason why choosing -3 dB as the standard for cut-off frequency is that reaching 3 dB means the output current is two times less than the input current.

Results & Discussion

Heterogeneous Bipolar Transistor

The result of the HBT simulation will be demonstrated in two parts. The first part demonstrates the DC characteristics and frequency performance of BJT and HBTs. The second part demonstrates how the size of the base width of the devices affects the frequency performance.

DC characteristics and frequency performance of BJT and HBTs

Simulation results of the BJT and HBT (Base Width = 1 micormetre)

Device	Emitter injection efficiency	Base transpose factor	Current transpose factor	Amplification factor	Cut-off frequency
BJT	0.99123	0.9958	0.99119	112.48	248.75 MHz
Si/SiGe HBT	1	0.99307	0.99307	142.32	437.33 MHz
AlGaAs/GaAs HBT	1	0.99984	0.99984	6209.1	2.3471 GHz
InGaAs/InP HBT	1	0.99995	0.99995	19989	3.2977 GHz
InGaAs/InSb HBT	1	0.99998	0.99998	44025	10.582 GHz

It is obvious that introducing the heterojunction to transistors improves the emitter injection efficiency and the base transpose factor. Moreover, when the energy bandgap between the two semiconductors is getting bigger, the base transpose factor is getting closer to 1. This also leads to the current transpose factor equal to the base transpose factor due to the current transpose factor being the product of the emitter injection efficiency and the base transpose factor. The current amplification factors of the HBT simulations are generally higher than BJT

Size of the base region

Frequency performance of the HBT with different base width

Device	1 micrometre base width	45 nanometre base width
Si/SiGe HBT	437.33 MHz	67.532 GHz
AlGaAs/GaAs HBT	2.3471 GHz	1.1535 THz
InGaAs/InP HBT	3.2977 GHz	1.6285 THz
InGaAs/InSb HBT	10.582 GHz	5.2247 THz

References

[1] W. Saad, M. Bennis and M. Chen, "A Vision of 6G Wireless Systems: Applications, Trends, Technologies, and Open Research Problems," in IEEE Network, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 134-142, May/June 2020, doi: 10.1109/MNET.001.190028

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